The spin-Hall effect in insulators is described. The Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit interactions are both shown to yield the low temperature spin-Hall effect for strongly localised electrons coupled to phonons. A frequency-dependent electric field
E(w) generates a spin-polarization current, normal to E, due to
interference of hopping paths. At zero temperature the corres-
ponding spin-Hall conductivity is real and is proportional to w^2. At non-zero temperatures the coupling to the phonons yields an imaginary term proportional to w. The interference also yields persistent spin currents at thermal equilibrium, at E=0. The contri- butions from the Dresselhaus and Rashba interactions to the interfe- rence oppose each other.
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